Informatics Publishing Limited

Shivani Rana ¹, Amit Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140301, IN

Abstract

Objective: The main aim of this research paper is to design a security enhanced decoder based on the XOR logic gate detection technique. Methods/Statistical Analysis: An all optical XOR gate has been designed by using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) for the secure transmission in Optical code division multiple access system. Multi Diagonal (MD) code is implemented with all optical logical gate detection using non-linear effects in semiconductor optical amplifiers. To realize the XOR gate, two identical SOAs in MZI structure have been used. Finding: The Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) and RZ bit format have been compared and results show that using NRZ bit format the performance is better than RZ bit format and its optimum power comes out to be 0.6mW. A new design of Multi-diagonal code has been proposed by using all optical logical gate detection considering nonlinear effects in SOA. The design has successfully worked at Bit Error Rate (BER) 8.77×10^-09. Application/Improvements: This design having decoder based on XOR logic gate utilizing the Multi-diagonal code will have wide applications in military for the secure transmission of data.

Keywords

Cross Gain Modulation, Cross Phase Modulation.

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Pardeep Kumar ¹, Shivani Rana ¹, Parveen Sharma ¹, Viplove Negi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062, IN

Abstract

Grafting is an alternative approach used in vegetable production to fight against soil-borne diseases such as Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt and nematodes since 1920s in Japan and Korea. Grafting as a technology for the commercial production was later on adopted by many countries in Europe, Middle East, Northern Africa, Central America and other parts of Asia. For the production of many fruit-bearing vegetables which include watermelon, cucumber, melon, tomato, eggplant and pepper, grafted seedlings were used. These seedlings besides providing resistance against biotic/abiotic stresses, increase the yield of the cultivars. This technique is considered eco-friendly for sustainable vegetable production because the resistant ischolar_mainstock reduces dependence on agrochemicals. Grafting improves quality of the plant and is used to induce resistance against low and high temperatures. Growth, yield and fruit quality of the scion is greatly influenced by the type of ischolar_mainstock used. Due to high post graft mortality of seedlings, this technology is still in infancy in India. For its commercial application in India, sharpening of grafting skills and healing environment need to be standardized.

Keywords

Grafting, Advantages, Methods, Basic Pre-Requisites, Precautions.

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Shivani Rana ¹, Pardeep Kumar ¹, Parveen Sharma ¹, Amar Singh ¹, S. K. Upadhyay ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur 176 062, IN

Abstract

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) is an important commercial crop grown under protected condition in Himachal Pradesh. Being long duration under protected environment, it is the principle money spinner off-season crop. Production of bell pepper under protected conditions in the state is very low as compared to the National and International levels because of lack of suitable Cultivars and hybrids resistant to bacterial wilt. Among biotic stresses bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the most devastating disease under protected as well as open field conditions in mid hills of HP which reduces yield of capsicum to very low levels. Numerous attempts have been made to develop bacterial wilt resistant varieties, but till date no resistant hybrid is available. The best option to overcome this problem is grafting scions of horticulturally superior hybrids on resistant ischolar_mainstocks. The study revealed that chilli ischolar_mainstock PI-201232 was the most suitable bacterial wilt resistant ischolar_mainstock of bell pepper whereas; brinjal ischolar_mainstocks were not suitable for bell pepper scions.

Keywords

Bell Pepper, Grafting, Rootstock, Scion, Bacterial Wilt, Protected Cultivation.

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Shivani Rana ¹

Affiliations
1 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot (Punjab), IN

Abstract

Krishi Vigyan Kendra designs different kinds of training courses for the farmers/ farm women/rural girls. Courses are based on the information received through family and village survey. No specific qualification is required to be the participant of training programmes. After conducting training programmes, follow- up programmes are organised for converting the obtained skills of the trainees into practice. The vocational training programmes take into account all methods and means which will result in skill development in rural women and girls in the areas of their interest. A study was undertaken with the objective to assess the vocational training programmes on knowledge gained by the rural women and its role in their empowerment. The present study was conducted in district Faridkot of Punjab state which were selected purposively as the KVK was catering the needs of the farmers/farm women. A sample of 35 rural women trained by the KVK, Faridkot was selected purposively. Six different vocational training programmes were imparted by the KVK Home Science scientist. These were preservation of fruits and vegetables, different embroideries, value addition of flowers, value addition of wax, cutting and stitching, surf making and value added products from fruits and vegetables. Several lectures were delivered. Charts/posters were prepared and demonstrations were given of different steps included in each activity. A pre and post test performa developed for the trainings was filled upto assess the knowledge of the rural women participated in the training programmes. Vocational trainings played an important role in developing the skills among the rural youths and also benefiting the rural women for generation of income. Such training programmes can be replicated elsewhere and some more need based vocational training programmes may be incorporated so that the rural women and girls can earn their livelihood.

Keywords

Vocational Trainings, Livelihood, Empowerment.

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